There's no built in way to scan/deploy patches based on the date. The only way I think you could accomplish something like this is to run your scan first, then in the scan results sort by one of the columns; either "Patch Release Date" or "Bulletin Release Date". You would then have to CTRL+click or SHIFT+click to choose the patches you wish to deploy, then right click and choose to deploy selected patches.
Also, in case you don't have the columns I mentioned you may need to add them in. In Protect you add add hidden columns to different views by doing a right click on one of the current column titles, then choose "column chooser".
I hope that helps.